Research has shown that we come back refreshed from a holiday but that on average those benefits disappear within 2 weeks! (Reference link).
So is mindfulness longer lasting? What about meditation and other mind training practices? People do seem happier when they do them, they seem to smile more and are nicer to be around. But what does current research say?
Time for an update; there are some real problems yet this may be a good post to share…, but first,
Thought for the day
The odd thing about pleasure
Is that instead of fully enjoying what is here,
Being able to be fully present with it,
We are busy looking for more.
We miss the true depth of pleasure
By being intoxicated with the possibility of more.
Zen Roshi Nancy Mujo Baker
Spoiler alert! If you do read on through this post, it may well be challenging!
The challenge is that while there is some great new research confirming mindfulness and meditation’s many benefits, there are major problems within the research itself. But first, let us start on the bright side with an update…
Recent meditation research findings in brief
1. Meditation eases stress reactions
A new and rigorously designed mindfulness study showed that hormonal and inflammatory reactions to stress were reduced after meditation training.
Hoge EA et al : The effect of mindfulness meditation training on biological acute stress responses in generalized anxiety disorder Psych Res, Vol 262 April 2018, Pages 328-332
2. Meditation improves quality of life for breast cancer survivors.
Meditation was associated with significant decreases in depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and an increase in quality of life, satisfaction with life, post-traumatic growth and quality of sleep.
Significantly, participants had a high attendance rate in the program, which speaks to the likelihood of the applicability of the meditation program on an outpatient basis.
Yun MR et al : The Effects of Mind Subtraction Meditation on Breast Cancer Survivors' Psychological and Spiritual Well-being and Sleep Quality: A Randomized Controlled Trial in South Korea. Cancer Nurs. 2017 Sep/Oct;40(5):377-385. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000000443.
3. Mindfulness may improve cognitive functioning in the elderly
After reviewing the scientific literature, researchers wrote "There is preliminary evidence that meditation can improve cognitive function."
Investigation of 6 Mindfulness Based Interventions in older people based upon MBSR and MBCT suggested positive effects on memory, executive function and processing speed.
However, most reports had a high risk of bias and sample sizes were small.
The only study with low risk of bias, large sample size and active control group reported no significant findings.
The conclusion?
More research is needed, and while meditation and mindfulness may well be useful for the elderly, maybe it is wise to start practicing at an early age!
Berk L et al : Can mindfulness-based interventions influence cognitive functioning in older adults? A review and considerations for future research. Aging Ment Health. 2017 Nov;21(11):1113-1120. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1247423. Epub 2016 Nov 9.
4. Meditation reduces cortisol
Cortisol is popularly known as the stress hormone. Mental states such as worry and rumination over past or future events may prolong cortisol release, which in turn may contribute to pre-disease pathways and adversely affect physical health.
Meditation training has been suggested to increase self-reported mindfulness, which has been linked to reductions in such states. This is the first study to investigate self-reported mindfulness and resting cortisol output.
The results? Good! Meditation did lower the amount of cortisol in the body. The outcome? Less cortisol, less stress, more capacity for joy.
Jacobs TL et al: Self-reported mindfulness and cortisol during a Shamatha meditation retreat.
Health Psychol. 2013 Oct;32(10):1104-9. doi: 10.1037/a0031362. Epub 2013 Mar 25.
5. Mindfulness changes brain activity in just 8 weeks
In a landmark study (included here for its significance), Richard Davidson, Ph.D - seen here with HH the Dalai Lama- , and his colleagues at the University of Wisconsin, along with Jon Kabat-Zinn, put a group of stressed biotech employees through Kabat-Zinn's eight-week MBSR program.
They found that the employees who completed the program had more activity in the left prefrontal cortex—the happy, calm zone of the brain—than those who did not do the training.
This was the first study to demonstrate brain changes associated with a mindfulness-based practice.
Davidson RJ et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation.
Psychosom Med. 2003 Jul-Aug;65(4):564-70.
6. Mindfulness changes brain structure
As well as brain function, it seems mindfulness changes brain structure. In this study higher levels of mindfulness accomplished through practice were associated with decreased grey matter volume in the right amygdala, and decreased grey matter volume in the left caudate.
These are parts of the brain that control anxiety and fear. Less anxiety and fear translates to less stress. Again, less stress means more joy.
Taren AA et al: Dispositional Mindfulness Co-Varies with Smaller Amygdala and Caudate Volumes in Community Adults PLoS ONE 8(5): e64574. 2013
7. Mindfulness and compassion change brain structure - but differently!
This study used functional MRI scans to investigated the brain changes associated with different types of mind trainings - in this case mindfulness, compassion practices and controls.
In the mindful attention group, the after-training brain scans showed a decrease in activation in the right amygdala in response to all images, supporting the hypothesis that meditation can improve emotional stability and response to stress.
In the compassion meditation group, right amygdala activity also decreased in response to positive or neutral images.
But among those who reported practicing compassion meditation most frequently outside of the training sessions, right amygdala activity tended to increase in response to negative images, all of which depicted some form of human suffering.
No significant changes were seen in the control group or in the left amygdala of any study participants.
“We think these two forms of meditation cultivate different aspects of mind,” one of the researchers explains.
Since compassion meditation is designed to enhance compassionate feelings, it makes sense that it could increase amygdala response to seeing people suffer.
Increased amygdala activation was also correlated with decreased depression scores in the compassion meditation group, which suggests that having more compassion towards others may also be beneficial for oneself.
‘Overall, these results are consistent with the overarching hypothesis that meditation may result in enduring, beneficial changes in brain function, especially in the area of emotional processing.”
Desbordes G et al : Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state Front Hum Neurosci. 2012; 6: 292.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485650/
BUT NOW FOR THE BIG QUESTION - and the challenge
Is it the mindfulness/meditation that is bringing about the changes?
Research shows Mindfulness benefits are similar to non-meditation based intervention
Jon Kabat-Zinn’s Mindfulness Based Stress reduction Program (MBSR) has become famous and is now widely used based upon the science supporting it; and the positive experiences reported by those who take it up. There is no doubt it is beneficial.
However, a major question needs addressing… Is it the mindfulness itself or other components of the MBSR program that bring about the positive benefits?
This is the first study comparing MBSR to an active control program that was designed to have no mindfulness component, while being structurally equivalent to MBSR and credible to both patients and providers.
The result? MBSR had a extra benefit in reducing pain, but otherwise the two interventions were just as beneficial!
In other words, this study poses the possibility that it may not be the mindfulness on its own but the whole program package that produces the many benefits!
Given these provocative findings the research authors state “although our results do not undermine the substantial evidence supporting the effectiveness of MBSR, they do suggest that the active ingredient of mindfulness in MBSR is no more effective than alternative active ingredients present in the control program for the measures we employed. This conclusion represents an important shift in how we interpret the vast majority of MBSR outcomes in the extant literature”.
This suggests that future studies investigating mindfulness as a specific ingredient in MBSR include control groups designed to address the questions being addressed, and use behavioral or other more objective measures of intervention-specific skill acquisition.
MacCoon DG et al. The Validation of an Active Control Intervention for Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). Behav Res Ther. 2012 Jan; 50(1): 3–12.
So if Mindfulness is beneficial, how does it stand up to thorough analysis?
Meta-analysis suggests limits to mindfulness benefits
Reviews the findings of 47 trials of the health effects of meditation programs on over 3,500 study participants. After carefully controlling for the placebo effect, the authors found that mindfulness meditation resulted in moderate improvements in anxiety, depression and pain. They also found no evidence or insufficient evidence of an improvement in several other measures of health or well-being, such as mood, substance use, eating habits, sleep, and weight.
At the same time, no evidence of harm from meditation was found.
Clearly there is wide variability in what are collectively described as “meditative practices” and equally clearly, the research published to date has very often overlooked this.
The collective research on mindfulness and meditation has been presented as if all techniques are the same - a bit like suggesting all antibiotics are the same - an obvious fallacy.
Clearly too, we will all know people who have made major beneficial changes in their lives associated with taking up a meditation type practice.
The authors go on to state
“Many people use meditation to treat stress and stress-related conditions and to promote general health. Meditation training programs vary in several ways, including the type of mental activity promoted, the amount of training recommended, the use and qualifications of an instructor, and the degree of emphasis on religion or spirituality. Some meditative techniques are integrated into a broader approach that includes dietary and/or movement therapies (eg, ayurveda or yoga).
‘Meditative techniques are categorized as emphasizing mindfulness, concentration, and automatic self-transcendence. Popular techniques, such as transcendental meditation, emphasize the use of a mantra in such a way that it transcends one to an effortless state where focused attention is absent.
Other popular techniques, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction, emphasize training in present-focused awareness or mindfulness. Uncertainty remains about what these distinctions mean and the extent to which these distinctions actually influence psychosocial stress outcomes’.
So while this meta-analysis aimed to take these variations into account, it still suffers from major limitations in comparing techniques and amount of practice completed. This is like comparing treatments for pneumonia without stating which drugs are being compared and how much of each was taken. Obviously we are still in early days with meditation research - useful days, but early ones! Now we need more details.
Goyal M et al. Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(3):357-368. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR MEDITATION RESEARCH
The JAMA article that is cited above and forms the basis of this article was itself based on a more comprehensive report, one in a series of Comparative Effectiveness Reviews (No. 124 : Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being) prepared for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.)
This report makes good reading, part of the conclusion having great relevance to the therapeutic application of meditation and something we are bound to hear more of as meditation is used more widely for its healing potential.
And another thing… Maybe the studies need to be conducted over longer time frames…
From the above report
Historically, the general public has not conceptualized meditation as a quick fix toward anything.
It is a skill or state one learns and practices over time to increase one’s awareness, and through this awareness gain insight and understanding into the various subtleties of one’s existence.
Training the mind in awareness, non-judgmentalness, and the ability to become completely free of thoughts or other activity are daunting accomplishments.
While some meditators may feel these tasks are easy, they likely overestimate their own skills due to a lack of awareness of the different degrees to which these tasks can be done or the ability to objectively measure their own progress.
Since becoming an expert at simple skills such as swimming, reading, or writing (which can be objectively measured by others) takes a considerable amount of time, it follows that meditation would also take a long period of time to master.
However, many of the studies included in this review were short term (e.g., 2.5 hours a week for 8 weeks), and the participants likely did not achieve a level of expertise needed to improve outcomes that depend on a mastery of mental and emotional processes. The short-term nature of the studies, combined with the lack of an adequate way to measure meditation competency, could have significantly contributed to results.
Lots to contemplate in all of this ……
CONCLUSION
The current research is interesting and certainly helps win acceptance for mindfulness and meditation. But we need to be clear. This arena for research is still in its infancy and what is needed now is more detailed investigation into the benefits of different techniques, how those techniques interact with the teachers and groups they are taught within, and how much difference the amount of time spent doing the practice makes to the outcome.
This progression in the quality of research is normal and reasonable, but it is time now for the quality to lift.
In the interim, trust your own experience
Meditation is not always easy. It takes time to learn, persevere, develop skills and receive the many benefits on offer. Trust your own experience. Mine tells me this is something worth doing every day. There is no need for external research to confirm that; my own inner experience is confirmation enough! And I know I need support to maintain the practice...
“Do yourself a favour… “
Ruth Gawler's
next meditation retreat
Meditation - Pure and Simple
Experience
. Being more at ease with yourself and your feelings
. The connectedness and clarity of mindfulness
. Profound relaxation into stillness.
Combine deep relaxation techniques and mindfulness meditation to release the stress we carry in our bodies in this busy and complex modern world. Ideal for healing, rejuvenation and opening our awareness.
Ruth’s teaching style is one of openness and authenticity, and there will be plenty of opportunity for questions and discussion. Techniques covered in this retreat will be accessible and engaging for both beginners and more experienced meditators. This retreat is well suited to all Health Professionals.
DATES September - Monday 10th to Friday 14th 2018
VENUE Yarra Valley Living Centre, Rayner Crt, Yarra Junction, Victoria
ENQUIRIES, BOOKINGS The Gawler Foundation ClientServices@gawler.org
and 1300 651 211 - Call Mon-Fri 9-5pm
WEBSITE LINK - CLICK HERE
So is mindfulness longer lasting? What about meditation and other mind training practices? People do seem happier when they do them, they seem to smile more and are nicer to be around. But what does current research say?
Time for an update; there are some real problems yet this may be a good post to share…, but first,
Thought for the dayThe odd thing about pleasure
Is that instead of fully enjoying what is here,
Being able to be fully present with it,
We are busy looking for more.
We miss the true depth of pleasure
By being intoxicated with the possibility of more.
Zen Roshi Nancy Mujo Baker
Spoiler alert! If you do read on through this post, it may well be challenging!
The challenge is that while there is some great new research confirming mindfulness and meditation’s many benefits, there are major problems within the research itself. But first, let us start on the bright side with an update…
Recent meditation research findings in brief
1. Meditation eases stress reactions
A new and rigorously designed mindfulness study showed that hormonal and inflammatory reactions to stress were reduced after meditation training.
Hoge EA et al : The effect of mindfulness meditation training on biological acute stress responses in generalized anxiety disorder Psych Res, Vol 262 April 2018, Pages 328-332
2. Meditation improves quality of life for breast cancer survivors.
Meditation was associated with significant decreases in depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and an increase in quality of life, satisfaction with life, post-traumatic growth and quality of sleep.
Significantly, participants had a high attendance rate in the program, which speaks to the likelihood of the applicability of the meditation program on an outpatient basis.
Yun MR et al : The Effects of Mind Subtraction Meditation on Breast Cancer Survivors' Psychological and Spiritual Well-being and Sleep Quality: A Randomized Controlled Trial in South Korea. Cancer Nurs. 2017 Sep/Oct;40(5):377-385. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000000443.
3. Mindfulness may improve cognitive functioning in the elderly
After reviewing the scientific literature, researchers wrote "There is preliminary evidence that meditation can improve cognitive function."
Investigation of 6 Mindfulness Based Interventions in older people based upon MBSR and MBCT suggested positive effects on memory, executive function and processing speed.
However, most reports had a high risk of bias and sample sizes were small.
The only study with low risk of bias, large sample size and active control group reported no significant findings.
The conclusion?
More research is needed, and while meditation and mindfulness may well be useful for the elderly, maybe it is wise to start practicing at an early age!
Berk L et al : Can mindfulness-based interventions influence cognitive functioning in older adults? A review and considerations for future research. Aging Ment Health. 2017 Nov;21(11):1113-1120. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1247423. Epub 2016 Nov 9.
4. Meditation reduces cortisol
Cortisol is popularly known as the stress hormone. Mental states such as worry and rumination over past or future events may prolong cortisol release, which in turn may contribute to pre-disease pathways and adversely affect physical health.
Meditation training has been suggested to increase self-reported mindfulness, which has been linked to reductions in such states. This is the first study to investigate self-reported mindfulness and resting cortisol output.
The results? Good! Meditation did lower the amount of cortisol in the body. The outcome? Less cortisol, less stress, more capacity for joy.
Jacobs TL et al: Self-reported mindfulness and cortisol during a Shamatha meditation retreat.
Health Psychol. 2013 Oct;32(10):1104-9. doi: 10.1037/a0031362. Epub 2013 Mar 25.
5. Mindfulness changes brain activity in just 8 weeks
In a landmark study (included here for its significance), Richard Davidson, Ph.D - seen here with HH the Dalai Lama- , and his colleagues at the University of Wisconsin, along with Jon Kabat-Zinn, put a group of stressed biotech employees through Kabat-Zinn's eight-week MBSR program.They found that the employees who completed the program had more activity in the left prefrontal cortex—the happy, calm zone of the brain—than those who did not do the training.
This was the first study to demonstrate brain changes associated with a mindfulness-based practice.
Davidson RJ et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation.
Psychosom Med. 2003 Jul-Aug;65(4):564-70.
6. Mindfulness changes brain structure
As well as brain function, it seems mindfulness changes brain structure. In this study higher levels of mindfulness accomplished through practice were associated with decreased grey matter volume in the right amygdala, and decreased grey matter volume in the left caudate.
These are parts of the brain that control anxiety and fear. Less anxiety and fear translates to less stress. Again, less stress means more joy.
Taren AA et al: Dispositional Mindfulness Co-Varies with Smaller Amygdala and Caudate Volumes in Community Adults PLoS ONE 8(5): e64574. 2013
7. Mindfulness and compassion change brain structure - but differently!
This study used functional MRI scans to investigated the brain changes associated with different types of mind trainings - in this case mindfulness, compassion practices and controls.
In the mindful attention group, the after-training brain scans showed a decrease in activation in the right amygdala in response to all images, supporting the hypothesis that meditation can improve emotional stability and response to stress.In the compassion meditation group, right amygdala activity also decreased in response to positive or neutral images.
But among those who reported practicing compassion meditation most frequently outside of the training sessions, right amygdala activity tended to increase in response to negative images, all of which depicted some form of human suffering.
No significant changes were seen in the control group or in the left amygdala of any study participants.
“We think these two forms of meditation cultivate different aspects of mind,” one of the researchers explains.
Since compassion meditation is designed to enhance compassionate feelings, it makes sense that it could increase amygdala response to seeing people suffer.
Increased amygdala activation was also correlated with decreased depression scores in the compassion meditation group, which suggests that having more compassion towards others may also be beneficial for oneself.
‘Overall, these results are consistent with the overarching hypothesis that meditation may result in enduring, beneficial changes in brain function, especially in the area of emotional processing.”
Desbordes G et al : Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state Front Hum Neurosci. 2012; 6: 292.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485650/
BUT NOW FOR THE BIG QUESTION - and the challenge
Is it the mindfulness/meditation that is bringing about the changes?
Research shows Mindfulness benefits are similar to non-meditation based intervention
Jon Kabat-Zinn’s Mindfulness Based Stress reduction Program (MBSR) has become famous and is now widely used based upon the science supporting it; and the positive experiences reported by those who take it up. There is no doubt it is beneficial.
However, a major question needs addressing… Is it the mindfulness itself or other components of the MBSR program that bring about the positive benefits?
This is the first study comparing MBSR to an active control program that was designed to have no mindfulness component, while being structurally equivalent to MBSR and credible to both patients and providers.
The result? MBSR had a extra benefit in reducing pain, but otherwise the two interventions were just as beneficial!In other words, this study poses the possibility that it may not be the mindfulness on its own but the whole program package that produces the many benefits!
Given these provocative findings the research authors state “although our results do not undermine the substantial evidence supporting the effectiveness of MBSR, they do suggest that the active ingredient of mindfulness in MBSR is no more effective than alternative active ingredients present in the control program for the measures we employed. This conclusion represents an important shift in how we interpret the vast majority of MBSR outcomes in the extant literature”.
This suggests that future studies investigating mindfulness as a specific ingredient in MBSR include control groups designed to address the questions being addressed, and use behavioral or other more objective measures of intervention-specific skill acquisition.
MacCoon DG et al. The Validation of an Active Control Intervention for Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). Behav Res Ther. 2012 Jan; 50(1): 3–12.
So if Mindfulness is beneficial, how does it stand up to thorough analysis?
Meta-analysis suggests limits to mindfulness benefits
Reviews the findings of 47 trials of the health effects of meditation programs on over 3,500 study participants. After carefully controlling for the placebo effect, the authors found that mindfulness meditation resulted in moderate improvements in anxiety, depression and pain. They also found no evidence or insufficient evidence of an improvement in several other measures of health or well-being, such as mood, substance use, eating habits, sleep, and weight.
At the same time, no evidence of harm from meditation was found.
Clearly there is wide variability in what are collectively described as “meditative practices” and equally clearly, the research published to date has very often overlooked this.The collective research on mindfulness and meditation has been presented as if all techniques are the same - a bit like suggesting all antibiotics are the same - an obvious fallacy.
Clearly too, we will all know people who have made major beneficial changes in their lives associated with taking up a meditation type practice.
The authors go on to state
“Many people use meditation to treat stress and stress-related conditions and to promote general health. Meditation training programs vary in several ways, including the type of mental activity promoted, the amount of training recommended, the use and qualifications of an instructor, and the degree of emphasis on religion or spirituality. Some meditative techniques are integrated into a broader approach that includes dietary and/or movement therapies (eg, ayurveda or yoga).
‘Meditative techniques are categorized as emphasizing mindfulness, concentration, and automatic self-transcendence. Popular techniques, such as transcendental meditation, emphasize the use of a mantra in such a way that it transcends one to an effortless state where focused attention is absent.
Other popular techniques, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction, emphasize training in present-focused awareness or mindfulness. Uncertainty remains about what these distinctions mean and the extent to which these distinctions actually influence psychosocial stress outcomes’.
So while this meta-analysis aimed to take these variations into account, it still suffers from major limitations in comparing techniques and amount of practice completed. This is like comparing treatments for pneumonia without stating which drugs are being compared and how much of each was taken. Obviously we are still in early days with meditation research - useful days, but early ones! Now we need more details.
Goyal M et al. Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(3):357-368. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR MEDITATION RESEARCH
The JAMA article that is cited above and forms the basis of this article was itself based on a more comprehensive report, one in a series of Comparative Effectiveness Reviews (No. 124 : Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being) prepared for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.)
This report makes good reading, part of the conclusion having great relevance to the therapeutic application of meditation and something we are bound to hear more of as meditation is used more widely for its healing potential.
And another thing… Maybe the studies need to be conducted over longer time frames…
From the above reportHistorically, the general public has not conceptualized meditation as a quick fix toward anything.
It is a skill or state one learns and practices over time to increase one’s awareness, and through this awareness gain insight and understanding into the various subtleties of one’s existence.
Training the mind in awareness, non-judgmentalness, and the ability to become completely free of thoughts or other activity are daunting accomplishments.
While some meditators may feel these tasks are easy, they likely overestimate their own skills due to a lack of awareness of the different degrees to which these tasks can be done or the ability to objectively measure their own progress.
Since becoming an expert at simple skills such as swimming, reading, or writing (which can be objectively measured by others) takes a considerable amount of time, it follows that meditation would also take a long period of time to master.
However, many of the studies included in this review were short term (e.g., 2.5 hours a week for 8 weeks), and the participants likely did not achieve a level of expertise needed to improve outcomes that depend on a mastery of mental and emotional processes. The short-term nature of the studies, combined with the lack of an adequate way to measure meditation competency, could have significantly contributed to results.
Lots to contemplate in all of this ……
CONCLUSION
The current research is interesting and certainly helps win acceptance for mindfulness and meditation. But we need to be clear. This arena for research is still in its infancy and what is needed now is more detailed investigation into the benefits of different techniques, how those techniques interact with the teachers and groups they are taught within, and how much difference the amount of time spent doing the practice makes to the outcome.
This progression in the quality of research is normal and reasonable, but it is time now for the quality to lift.
In the interim, trust your own experience
Meditation is not always easy. It takes time to learn, persevere, develop skills and receive the many benefits on offer. Trust your own experience. Mine tells me this is something worth doing every day. There is no need for external research to confirm that; my own inner experience is confirmation enough! And I know I need support to maintain the practice...
“Do yourself a favour… “
Ruth Gawler's next meditation retreat
Meditation - Pure and Simple
Experience
. Being more at ease with yourself and your feelings
. The connectedness and clarity of mindfulness
. Profound relaxation into stillness.
Combine deep relaxation techniques and mindfulness meditation to release the stress we carry in our bodies in this busy and complex modern world. Ideal for healing, rejuvenation and opening our awareness.
Ruth’s teaching style is one of openness and authenticity, and there will be plenty of opportunity for questions and discussion. Techniques covered in this retreat will be accessible and engaging for both beginners and more experienced meditators. This retreat is well suited to all Health Professionals.
DATES September - Monday 10th to Friday 14th 2018
VENUE Yarra Valley Living Centre, Rayner Crt, Yarra Junction, Victoria
ENQUIRIES, BOOKINGS The Gawler Foundation ClientServices@gawler.org
and 1300 651 211 - Call Mon-Fri 9-5pm
WEBSITE LINK - CLICK HERE
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